The Concept of Autobiographical Memory

Article Summary Considering that relationships form the core of human needs, it is obvious that interpersonal relationships influence people’s psychological functioning, mental health, and wellbeing. For example, individuals experiencing attachment security are known to possess high levels of self-esteem and excellent adaptive or coping strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, individuals experiencing attachment anxiety and/or avoidance have been found to suffer from psychopathology and emotional distress (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 351). Therefore, many studies demonstrate the relationship between various attachment styles and the subsequent psychological distress particularly depression. However, to demonstrate this link, many researchers have had to rely on the way people predetermine, store, recover, and use dif ferent memories in their interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, Sutin and Gillath (2009) deviated from the previous studies by proposing that some measurable aspects of the autobiographical memory determine the relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress. The proposed components of the autobiographical memory measured by these researchers include the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory. In their study, Sutin and Gillath (2009) tested the two components of the autobiographical memory in two separate studies. In the first study, 454 participants took part in a two-session survey whereby in the first session, the participants’ experiences were evaluated relative to different measures such as self-defining relationship memories, phenomenology, adult attachment, and depressive symptoms while in the second session, the participants were asked to retrieve and rate their self-defining relationship memory experiences regarding r omantic interactions. In the second study, 534 participants were introduced to one of the three priming conditions; attachment security (195 participants), attachment insecurity (157 participants), and the control condition (182 participants). After priming, the participants retrieved and rated their experiences regarding a self-defining memory (Sutin Gillath, 2009, pp. 353-358).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research findings show that memory phenomenology (memory coherence and emotional intensity) determined the relationship between attachment avoidance and depression while the negative affective content of the autobiographical memory determined the link between attachment anxiety and depression (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 355). On the other hand, priming the participants with attachment security made them to show more coherent relationship memories while attachment insecurity made the participants to show more incoherent relationship memories. Analysis The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographical memory seem to be the product of a reconstructive process that underlies an individual’s emotional and motivational functioning. Here, various aspects of autobiographical memory play a major role in constructing and maintaining an individual’s self identity and promoting the development of intimacy. However, these memories are not always related to positive human functions. In some cases, the retrieval style for the autobiographical memories is susceptible to various depressive symptoms in that various intrusive memories can promote psychological distress particularly the post-traumatic stress disorder (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 352). As a result, autobiographical memories can determine the path to depre ssion vulnerability and psychological distress. According to Sutin and Gillath (2009), two major aspects of autobiographical memory, that is, phenomenology and content, demonstrated a consistent relationship with psychological distress. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that the two aspects mediate attachment avoidance and anxiety. For instance, memory coherence and emotional intensity, which are related to phenomenology, play an important role in terms of mediating distress for avoidance as opposed to anxiety. On the other hand, memory incoherence is closely associated with attachment avoidance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As opposed to avoidance, attachment anxiety is closely related to the memory’s emotional content. Overall, this study provides provocative evidence to suggest that there is a link between attachment style s and autobiographical memory, which in turn mediates psychological distress. Reference Sutin, A.R., Gillath, O. (2009). Autobiographical memory phenomenology and content mediate attachment style and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 351-364. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/search/display?id=eaa94d4d-6224-7b53-e55b-513824ce224crecordId=1tab=PApage=1display=25sort=PublicationYearMSSort%20desc,AuthorSort%20ascsr=1 This essay on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory was written and submitted by user Madison C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Emilia in Shakespeares Othello

Emilia in Shakespeare's 'Othello' From her first introduction, Emilia in Shakespeares Othello is ridiculed and chided by her husband Iago: â€Å"Sir, would she give you so much of her lips/As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,/You would have enough† (Iago, Act 2, Scene 1). This particular line is prophetic in that Emilia’s testimony at the end of the play, relating to how Cassio came by the handkerchief, leads directly to Iago’s downfall. Emilia Analysis Emilia is perceptive and cynical, maybe as a result of her relationship with Iago. She is the first to suggest that somebody is telling Othello untruths about Desdemona; â€Å"The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave./Some base, notorious knave† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 143-5).​ Unfortunately, she does not identify her own husband as the perpetrator until it is too late: â€Å"You told a lie, an odious, damned lie† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 187). In order to please him, Emilia gives Iago Desdemona’s handkerchief, which leads to her best friend’s condemnation, but this is not done out of spite but to garner a little praise or love from her husband Iago, who rewards her with the line; â€Å"O good wench give it to me† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 319). In a conversation with Desdemona, Emilia does not condemn a woman for having an affair: But I do think it is their husbands faultsIf wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,And pour our treasures into foreign laps,Or else break out in peevish jealousies,Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us,Or scant our former having in despite;Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace,Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them: they see and smellAnd have their palates both for sweet and sour,As husbands have. What is it that they doWhen they change us for others? Is it sport?I think it is: and doth affection breed it?I think it doth: ist frailty that thus errs?It is so too: and have not we affections,Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?Then let them use us well: else let them know,The ills we do, their ills instruct us so (Act 5 Scene 1). Emilia blames the man in the relationship for driving her to it. â€Å"But I do think it is their husband’s faults If wives do fall.† This speaks volumes for her relationship with Iago and does insinuate that she would not be averse to the idea of an affair; which corroborates the rumors about her and Othello, although she denies them. Also, her loyalty to Desdemona may belie this rumor too. An audience would not judge Emilia too harshly for her views, knowing Iago’s true nature. Emilia and Othello Emilia judges jealous Othello’s behavior harshly and warns Desdemona off him; â€Å"I would you had never seen him† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 17). This demonstrates her loyalty and that she judges men based on her own experience. Having said this, it may well have been better if Desdemona had never set eyes on Othello, given the outcome. Emilia even bravely challenges Othello when she discovers he has murdered Desdemona: â€Å"O the more angel she, and you the blacker devil!† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 140). Emilia’s role in Othello is key, her part in taking the handkerchief leads to Othello falling for Iago’s lies more fully. She discovers Othello as Desdemona’s murderer and uncovers her husband’s plot which she exposes; â€Å"I will not charm my tongue. I am bound to speak† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 191). This leads to Iago’s eventual downfall and sadly her own murder as her husband kills her. She demonstrates her strength and honesty by exposing her husband and challenging Othello for his behavior. She remains loyal to her mistress throughout and even asks to join her on her deathbed as she herself dies. Unfortunately, these two strong, perceptive, loyal women are killed off but, at the same time, they could be considered the heroes of the piece.

A criminial case with relevant, reliable, and competent evidence Essay

A criminial case with relevant, reliable, and competent evidence - Essay Example This was emphasized in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Holbrook v Hymn. The Court held that in accordance with the provisions of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, the guilt of the accused was to be determined exclusively on the basis of the evidence presented during trial. Furthermore, guilt could not be established on the basis of official suspicion, indictment, continued custody or other circumstances (Gardner & Anderson , 2009, p. 31). Evidence that is relevant, reliable and not otherwise inadmissible at trial is deemed to be competent evidence. The defendant in Holmes v South Carolina, endeavored to introduce evidence that the murder had been committed by a third party. In this effort the defendant offered witnesses who exhibited willingness to testify that the third party had committed the crime. This testimony was excluded by the trial court on the grounds that the case against the defendant was strong and that the evidence against the third party merely generated a bare suspicion. The defendant was convicted of murder, and this sentence was upheld by the Supreme Court of South Carolina (Gardner & Anderson , 2009, p. 32). In this case, the Supreme Court of South Carolina affirmed that any evidence of third party guilt had to generate a reasonable implication of innocence. In addition, such evidence had to be restricted to the facts that were not in conformity with the guilt of the defendant. The Court further clarified that the forensic evidence was almost conclusive in indicating the guilt of the defendant, and that the evidence against the third party was effective only to the extent of creating a bare suspicion. In such cases, the evidence against the third party was inadequate for producing a reasonable implication of innocence regarding the defendant (Holmes v. South Carolina). Thereafter, this case was put up for direct review in the US Supreme Court. In its unanimous decision this Court